Provision of metro ethernet services using a reconfigurable photonic access network

The paper proposes a design for traffic engineering to provide Ethernet services using an extended access network. Ethernet has remained the dominant technology for Local Area and Enterprise Networks, the use of Ethernet in metro networks has seen significant interest of late to provide for end to end Ethernet services to the user. The Broadband Photonic (BBP) access network is viewed as a quasi independent stack of EPONs in which geographically spread customer-VLANs (C-VLANs) can be implemented. The use of such a network for providing metro Ethernet like services in addition to traditional access services is presented

A study on the functional and radiological outcome with complications in the management of proximal humerus fractures operated with proximal humerus internal locking osteosynthesis system

Background: A number of opinions exist regarding the management of proximal humerus fractures starting from conservative to tension band-wiring to internal fixation with plates. The aim of this study is to assess the functional outcome, the radiological outcome and the complications associated with the management of proximal humerus fractures treated with proximal humerus interlocking osteosynthesis system (PHILOS). Methods: A prospective descriptive study was undertaken comprising of 40 patients. Closed proximal humerus fractures meeting Neer’s criteria for operative displacement were enrolled. Patients underwent open reduction internal fixation with PHILOS plate. Post-operative radiological outcome was estimated with follow-up x-rays, functional outcome using the Constant and Murley score. Results: 60% patients were female, with the most common mode of injury being fall at a ground level. Late complications were noted in 25% of patients, which were malunion 5%, joint stiffness 10%, joint instability 5% and heterotopic ossification 5%. The mean Constant and Murley score was 79.5 and it was found to be statistically significant to the type of fracture according to the Neer’s classification (Kruskal Wallis test, p=0.005). Joint stiffness was also found to be statistically significantly correlated to the type of fracture pattern (Chi square test, p=0.016). The average time to union was 10 weeks. Conclusions: Thus, by this study it can be expressed due to appropriate articular reduction by open reduction and by the use of a fixed angle implant like the PHILOS plate, operative management of proximal humerus fractures by the said implant is a viable option to enable quick and early rehabilitation of patients

Prospective evaluation of the role of limb reconstruction system in fracture non-union of femur: a case series

Traditionally the Ilizarov’s ring fixator was used in the management of non-union of long bones, especially in the cases with infection. But limb reconstruction system (LRS) is a viable lightweight, technically easier alternative for the same. The aim of this study was to assess the functional outcome, the radiological outcome and the complications associated with the management of fracture non-union femur treated with LRS. A prospective case series was undertaken comprising of 10 patients. Both infected and non-infected shaft of femur fractures were enrolled. Patients underwent debridement, implant removal and definitive fixation with LRS. Post-operative radiological outcome and functional outcome using the ASAMI (Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov group) score. In 70% cases the mechanism of injury was road traffic accident. Mean period of non-union before admission was 11.9 months, mean time for union was 10.10 months, with 90.0% cases successfully uniting. 70% cases underwent lengthening following Ilizarov’s principles. ASAMI radiological outcome was excellent in 70%, good in 10%, fair in 10% and poor in 10% cases. ASAMI functional outcome was excellent in 60%, good in 10%, fair in 10% and poor in 20% cases. Pin tract infection was the most common problem at 70.0% while knee stiffness at 40% was the most common true complication. Thus by this study it can be expressed that LRS is a feasible alternative to ring fixators for the management of fracture non-union shaft of femur

Effect of Site-disorder, Off-stoichiometry and Epitaxial Strain on the Optical Properties of Magnetoelectric Gallium Ferrite

We present a combined experimental-theoretical study demonstrating the role of site disorder, off-stoichiometry and strain on the optical behavior of magnetoelectric gallium ferrite. Optical properties such as band-gap, refractive indices and dielectric constants were experimentally obtained by performing ellipsometric studies over the energy range 0.8 eV to 4.2 eV on pulsed laser deposited epitaxial thin films of stoichiometric gallium ferrite with b-axis orientation and the data was compared with theoretical results. Calculations on the ground state structure show that the optical activity in GaFeO3 arises primarily from O2p-Fe3d transitions. Further, inclusion of site disorder and epitaxial strain in the ground state structure significantly improves the agreement between the theory and the room temperature experimental data substantiating the presence of site-disorder in the experimentally derived strained GaFeO3 films at room temperature. We attribute the modification of the ground state optical behavior upon inclusion of site disorder to the corresponding changes in the electronic band structure, especially in Fe3d states leading to a lowered band-gap of the material.Comment: 18 Pages, 6 figure

On the Correspondence between Display Postulates and Deep Inference in Nested Sequent Calculi for Tense Logics

We consider two styles of proof calculi for a family of tense logics, presented in a formalism based on nested sequents. A nested sequent can be seen as a tree of traditional single-sided sequents. Our first style of calculi is what we call "shallow calculi", where inference rules are only applied at the root node in a nested sequent. Our shallow calculi are extensions of Kashima's calculus for tense logic and share an essential characteristic with display calculi, namely, the presence of structural rules called "display postulates". Shallow calculi enjoy a simple cut elimination procedure, but are unsuitable for proof search due to the presence of display postulates and other structural rules. The second style of calculi uses deep-inference, whereby inference rules can be applied at any node in a nested sequent. We show that, for a range of extensions of tense logic, the two styles of calculi are equivalent, and there is a natural proof theoretic correspondence between display postulates and deep inference. The deep inference calculi enjoy the subformula property and have no display postulates or other structural rules, making them a better framework for proof search

Low use of statins and other coronary secondary prevention therapies in primary and secondary care in India.

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of use of pharmacotherapy with aspirin, beta blocker, statin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor in patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD) among physicians at different levels of health care in Rajasthan state, India.MethodsPhysicians practicing at tertiary hospitals and clinics at tertiary, secondary and primary levels were contacted. Prescriptions of CHD patients were audited and descriptive statistics reported.ResultsWe evaluated 2,993 prescriptions (tertiary hospital discharge 711, tertiary 688, secondary 1,306, and primary 288). Use of aspirin was in 2,713 (91%) of prescriptions, beta blockers 2,057 (69%), ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) 2,471 (82%), and statins 2,059 (69%). Any one of these drugs was prescribed in 2,991 (100%), any two in 2,880 (96%), any three in 1,740 (58%), and all four in 1,062 (35.5%) (P < 0.001). As compared to tertiary hospital, prescriptions at tertiary, secondary, and primary levels were lower: aspirin (96% vs 95%, 91%, 67%), beta blockers (80% vs 62%, 66%, 70%), statins (87% vs 82%, 62%, 21%): two drugs (98% vs 96%, 98%, 85%), three drugs (75% vs 58%, 55%, 28%), or four drugs (54% vs 44%, 28%, 7%) (P < 0.01). Use of ACE inhibitors/ARBs was similar while nitrates (43% vs 23%, 43%, 70%), dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (12% vs 15%, 30%, 47%), and multivitamins (6% vs 26%, 37%, 47%) use was more in secondary and primary care.ConclusionsThere is suboptimal use of various evidence-based drugs (aspirin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins) for secondary prevention of CHD in India

Učinak vrućice uzrokovane endotoksinom bakterije E. coli na farmakokinetiku i doziranje ceftriaksona u ovaca (Ovis aries).

The effect of fever was studied on the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone (CTRX) following intravenous administration at the rate of 50 mg/kg b.m. in Chhotanagpuri sheep. Fever was induced by intravenous administration of E. coli serovar O126:B8 lipopolysaccharide, and plasma CTRX concentration was estimated by HPLC. The plasma drug concentration versus time curve best fitted a two compartment open model. The maximum plasma drug concentration was 16.33 per cent lower in febrile sheep (FS) in comparison to normal sheep (NS). In FS, t1/2α was lower, while t1/2β was higher than in NS. Vdarea and P: C ratio was higher in FS, but ClB and AUC did not differ significantly between the two groups. The results of the present study indicate that CTRX has greater distribution in the peripheral compartment during pyrexia. High values of K12/K /K21 ratio also indicated rapid drug distribution in various body fluids and compartments. The suitable dosage regimen of CTRX in FS by the intravenous route was calculated to be 15 mg/kg b.m. at a 5 h interval.Istraživan je učinak vrućice na farmakokinetiku ceftriaksona (CTRX) nakon njegove intravenske primjene u dozi od 50 mg/kg tjelesne mase u ovaca pasmine Chhotanagpuri. Vrućica je bila uzrokovana intravenskom primjenom lipopolisaharida serovara O126:B8 bakterije E. coli. Koncentracija cefriaksona u plazmi bila je određivana visokotlačnom tekućinskom kromatografijom. Koncentracija lijeka u plazmi u odnosu na vremensku krivulju bila je najsličnija modelu dvaju odjeljaka. Najveća koncentracija lijeka bila je 16,33% manja u febrilnih ovaca u odnosu na nefebrilne. U febrilnih je ovaca t1/2α bio manji, a t1/2β veći nego u nefebrilnih. Prividni volumen raspodjele (Vdarea) i omjer P:C bili su veći u febrilnih ovaca dok se ClB (ukupni klirens lijeka iz organizma) i AUC (površina ispod koncentracijske krivulje lijeka u plazmi) nisu značajno razlikovali između dviju skupina. Rezultati ovog istraživanja naznačuju da ceftriakson ima bolju raspodjelu u perifernom odjeljku za vrijeme vrućice. Velike vrijednosti odnosa K12/K21 također upućuju na brzu raspodjelu lijeka u različitim tjelesnim tekućinama i odjeljcima. Izračunato je da je ceftriakson u febrilnih ovaca najbolje davati intravenski u dozi od 15 mg/kg tjelesne mase u razmaku od pet sati

Evidence for clustered mannose as a new ligand for hyaluronan-binding protein (HABP1) from human fibroblasts

We have earlier reported that overexpression of the gene encoding human hyaluronan-binding protein (HABP1) is functionally active, as it binds specifically with hyaluronan (HA). In this communication, we confirm the collapse of the filamentous and branched structure of HA by interaction with increasing concentrations of recombinant-HABP1 (rHABP1). HA is the reported ligand of rHABP1. Here, we show the affinity of rHABP1 towards D-mannosylated albumin (DMA) by overlay assay and purification using a DMA affinity column. Our data suggests that DMA is another ligand for HABP1. Furthermore, we have observed that DMA inhibits the binding of HA in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting its multiligand affinity amongst carbohydrates. rHABP1 shows differential affinity towards HA and DMA which depends on pH and ionic strength. These data suggest that affinity of rHABP1 towards different ligands is regulated by the microenvironment